ABSTRACT
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It affects 1% of population over age of 50 years. Three main features of PD is asymmetric onset of bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremors. Non motor symptoms are common in patients of Parkinson’s Disease. These remain undiagnosed most of the time. Aim and Objectives: To analyse gender specific, age related and demographic variability of non motor symptoms (Gastrointestinal, genitourinary and depression related symptoms) of Parkinson’s disease. Material and Methods: Present study Included 100 cases (65 Males and 35 Females) of Parkinson’s disease presenting at department of neurology, Dayanand Medical College and hospital, Ludhiana. 30 questionnaire of non motor symptoms in hindi and Punjabi were given to patients. Gender, age, duration of non motor symptoms, Parkinson’s phenotype and complete demographic profile of each patient taken into account for study. Thereafter results were statistically analysed for all parameters. Conclusion: It is concluded that mean age and duration of non-motor symptoms were higher in males as compared to females. GI symptoms amongst non-motor symptoms were commonest and amongst GI symptoms constipation was most common and there was positive correlation of H&Y with age and non motor symptoms especially gastrointestinal, genitourinary and depression related symptoms.
ABSTRACT
The carotico-clinoid foramen is the result of ossification either of the carotico-clinoid ligament or of a dural fold extending between the anterior and middle clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone. It is anatomically important due to its relations with the cavernous sinus and its contents, sphenoid sinus and pituitary gland. A case of bilateral foramen caroticoclinoid and interclinoid bar has been reported while teaching the cranial cavity to MBBS students. This carotico-clinoid foramen is seen as a consequence of fusion of anterior and middle clinoid processes. The existence of a bony caroticoclinoid foramen may cause compression, tightening or stretching of the internal carotid artery. Further, removing the anterior clinoid process is an important step in regional surgery. The presence of a bony carotico-clinoid foramen may have high risk. Therefore, detail knowledge of type of ossification between the anterior and middle clinoid processes is necessary to increase the success of regional surgery.
ABSTRACT
Arteria comitans nervi ischiadici or Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly with an incidence varying 0.025-0.04% . During routine dissection in department of anatomy an incomplete type of Persistent sciatic artery was found which is being reported here. Its oncogeny and phylogeny is also discussed in detail. Such a PSA is prone to atheromatous degeneration, thrombosis, distal thromboembolism, aneurysm formation and rupture. Although rare, the possibility of such an anomaly must be borne in mind with certain clinical presentations , during orthopedic procedures on the hip and during angiographic studies of the leg. Successful surgical correction of problems necessitates excluding the anomalous artery from the circulation while revascularizing the lower exterimity.